Upon gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Panama was incorporated into Gran Colombia. Panama gained independence from Colombia with US support in 1903.
* 1903 USA buys concession for the construction of the Panama Canal.
* 1914 Canal opens to traffic.
* 1939 US protectorate status ended.
* 1968û1981 Administration of Colonel Torrijos Herrera.
* 1985 General Noriega indicted in USA on drug-trafficking charges.
* 1989 Noriega annuls presidential elections and remains in power. US invasion. Endara, thought to have won May elections, made president.
* 1994 The PRD's Ernesto Balladares wins presidential election. PRD largest party in parliament.